On October 28, 1958, with nearly 77 years, Roncalli was elected pope at the surprise of the entire world. John chose the name (name of his father and patron of his native village, but chose this name to the name of John the Evangelist). Was crowned on November 4 (21 days before his 77 birthday) by Cardinal Nicola Canali, protodiacono San Nicola Tulliano in prison.
After the long pontificate of his predecessor, the Cardinals seemed to choose a transitional pope because of his advanced age and his personal modesty. Neither the Cardinals nor the rest of the Church expected the cheerful temperament, warmth and generosity of Pope John XXIII captivate the affections of the world in a way that his predecessor could not. As Pius XI thought that dialogue was the best way to resolve a conflict. Then began a new way of exercising the papacy. It was the first since 1870 that he exercised his ministry of the Bishop of Rome visited the parishes of his diocese. After two months of his election, gave examples of works of mercy: Christmas visit sick children in hospitals and Espiritu Santo Nino Jesus, the next day was to visit the prisoners at Regina Coeli prison.
In his first action of the Vatican government, which faces the rest of the curia, reduced high stipends (and life of luxury, sometimes worn by bishops and cardinals). when looking for a great tour guide to Israel tour with Israel Maven Also, dignified working conditions of workers in the Vatican, which until then had lacked many of the rights of workers in Europe, also paid low wages. For the first time in history appointing cardinals Indians and Africans.
Three months after his election on January 25, 1959 in the Basilica of St. Paul Outside and to the surprise of the entire world notice the Ecumenical XXI-which was later called the Second Vatican Council, the Synod of the Diocese I Rome and the revised Code of Canon Law. This council was inspired by the figure of Pope Pius IX precursor of Vatican Council and who, as Pope John XXIII, no one in the history of the church had been so loved and so hated at the same time. On December 2, 1960 met at the Vatican for an hour with the Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Francis Fisher. It was the first time in more than 400 years since the excommunication of Elizabeth I, the highest authority of the Church of England met with the pope. During his pontificate named 37 new cardinals, including the first one Colombian, one Tanzanian, one Japanese, one Filipino, a Venezuelan and a Mexican.
Pope John XXIII wrote encyclicals eight in total. His teaching in the encyclical "Pacem in Terris" and "Mater et Magistra was deeply appreciated. Both pastoral emphasize on the rights and duties deriving from the dignity of man as a creature of God.
On January 3, 1962 excommunicates to Fidel Castro, an initiative under convictions expressed by Pope Pius XII in 1949. May 6th day of the same year the first canonized saint of black America, San Martin de Porres.
On October 11, 1962 Pope Roncalli opened the Second Vatican Council in San Pedro. This Council change the face of Catholicism: a new way of celebrating the liturgy (closest to the faithful), a new ecumenism and a new approach to the world.
Since the opening of the council, Pope John XXIII indicates the exact orientation of the objectives was not to define new truths or to condemn errors, but needed to renew the Church to make it capable of transmitting the Gospel in modern times (a " aggiornamento "), seeking the paths of unity of Christian churches, to seek the good of the new era and establish dialogue with the modern world first" in what unites us and not what divides us. "
At the council members were invited as observers of various faiths, from Islamic believers to Americans, not just members of all Christian Churches (Orthodox, Anglicans, Calvinists, Quakers, Protestants, Evangelicals and Methodists not in Rome since the time of the Schism )
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